Hibernate is an open source Java persistence framework project. Perform powerful object relational mapping and query databases using HQL and SQL.
In general the widely used libraries are well designed and implemented, and it’s very interesting to learn from them some coding best practices. Let’s take a look inside the hibernate core library and discover some of its design keys.
Package by Feature
Package-by-feature uses packages to reflect the feature set. It places all items related to a single feature (and only that feature) into a single directory/package. This results in packages with high cohesion and high modularity, and with minimal coupling between packages. Items that work closely together are placed next to each other.
Here’s a good article talking about packaging by feature.
Hibernate core contains many packages, each one is related to a specific feature HQL, SQL, and others.
Coupling
Low coupling is desirable because a change in one area of an application will require fewer changes throughout the entire application. In the long run, this could alleviate a lot of time, effort, and cost associated with modifying and adding new features to an application.
- An interface provides a way to define a contract that promotes reuse. If an object implements an interface then that object is to conform to a standard. An object that uses another object is called a consumer. An interface is a contract between an object and its consumer.
- An interface also provides a level of abstraction that makes programs easier to understand. Interfaces allow developers to start talking about the general way that code behaves without having to get in to a lot of detailed specifics.
- An interface enforces the loose coupling between components, it protect the interface consumer from any implementation changes in the classes implementing the interfaces.
Let’s search for all the interfaces defined by Hibernate Core, for that we use CQLinq to query the code base.
from t in Types where t.IsInterface select t
If our primary goal is to enforce the loose coupling, there’s a common mistake when using interfaces that could kill the utility of using them. It’s the using of the concrete classes instead of the interfaces, and to explain better this problem let’s take as example the following case:
The class A implements the Interface IA who contains the calculate() method, the consumer class C is implemented like that
public class C
{
....
public void calculate()
{
....
m_a.calculate();
....
}
A m_a;
}
The Class C instead of referencing the interface IA, it references the class A, in this case we lose the loose coupling benefit, and this implementation has two major drawbacks:
- If we decide to use another implementation of IA, we must change the code of C class.
- If some methods are added to A not existing in IA, and C use them, we also lose the contract benefit of using interfaces.
C# introduced the explicit interface implementation capability to the language to ensure that a method from the IA will be never called from a reference to concrete classes, but only from a reference to the interface. This technique is very useful to protect developers from losing the benefit of using interfaces.
With JArchitect we can check this kind of mistakes using CQLinq, the idea is to search for all methods from concrete classes used directly by other methods.
from m in Methods where m.NbMethodsCallingMe >0 m.ParentType.IsClass!m.ParentType.IsThirdParty && !m.ParentType.IsAbstract
let interfaces= m.ParentType.InterfacesImplemented
from i in interfaces where i.Methods.Where(a=>a.Name==m.Name
a.ParentType!=m.ParentType).Count()>0
select new { m,m.ParentType,i }
For example the method getEntityPersister from SessionFactoryImpl which implements SessionFactoryImplementor interface is concerned by this problem.
Let’s search for methods invoking directly SessionFactoryImpl.getEntityPersister.
from m in Methods where m.IsUsing ("org.hibernate.internal.SessionFactoryImpl.getEntityPersister(String)")select new { m, m.NbBCInstructions }
Methods like SessionImpl.instantiate invoke directly getEntityPersister, instead of passing by interface, what break the benefit of using interfaces. Fortunately hibernate core doesn’t contains many methods having this problem.
Coupling with external jars
When external libs are used, it’s better to check if we can easily change a third party lib by another one without impacting the whole application, there are many reasons that can encourage us to change a third party lib. The other lib could:
- Have more features,
- More powerful,
- More secure.
Let’s take as example the antlr lib which used to parse the hql queries, and imagine that another parser more powerful than antlr was created, could we change the antlr by the new parser easily?
To answer this question let’s search which methods from hibernate use it directly:
from m in Methods where m.IsUsing ("antlr-2.7.7")select new { m, m.NbBCInstructions }
And which ones used it indirectly:
from m in Projects.WithNameNotIn( "antlr-2.7.7").ChildMethods()
let depth0 = m.DepthOfIsUsing(“antlr-2.7.7”)
where depth0 > 1 orderby depth0
select new { m, depth0 }
Many methods use antlr directly what makes hibernate core highly coupled with it, and changing antlr with another one is not an easy task. this fact not means that we have a problem in hibernate design, but we have to be careful when using a third party lib and well check if a third party lib must be low coupled or not with the application.
Cohesion
The single responsibility principle states that a class should have one, and only one, reason to change. Such a class is said to be cohesive. A high LCOM value generally pinpoints a poorly cohesive class. There are several LCOM metrics. The LCOM takes its values in the range [0-1]. The LCOMHS (HS stands for Henderson-Sellers) takes its values in the range [0-2]. Note that the LCOMHS metric is often considered as more efficient to detect non-cohesive types.
LCOMHS value higher than 1 should be considered alarming.
In general classes more concerned by the cohesion are the classes having many methods and fields.
Let’s search for types having many methods and fields.
from t in Types where(t.Methods.Count() > 40 || t.Fields.Count()>40) && t.IsClass
orderby t.Methods.Count() descending
select new { t, t.InstanceMethods, t.Fields,t.LCOMHS }
Using Annotations
Annotation-based development relieves Java developers from the pain of cumbersome configuration. And give us a powerful feature to free the source code from the boilerplate code. The resulting code is also less likely to contain bugs.
Let’s search for all annotations defined by hibernate core.
from t in Types where t.IsAnnotationClass && !t.IsThirdParty select t
Many annotations are defined, what make hibernate easy to use by developers, and the headache of configuration files is avoided.
Conclusion
Hibernate Core is a good example of open source projects to learn from, don’t hesitate to take a look inside it.
